History of the Universe eBook. 398 pages, 300 illustrations only £5.99
Silurian Period 444 to 416 myaSummaryThe Silurian Period was named after a Welsh tribe. Gondwana continued to drift across the South Pole. After the recent mass extinction, corals grew rapidly in the warm shallow seas. The first plants and animals began to invade the land. ContinentsAs the Silurian Period began, Gondwana continued its travel across the South Pole and a glaciation affected many continents. This had ended by the mid-Silurian when the global climate become much warmer, especially near the equator where dry conditions led to extensive salt deposits. But glaciers remained at the poles. Globally, sea levels rose. At the end of the Silurian, several smaller continents collided to form Euramerica, a new supercontinent. These collisions also created new mountain ranges. In the animal world the major event was the appearance of fish with jaws and bones. LichenA lichen ("ly-ken" or "li-chen") is a combination of a fungus and either a blue-green bacteria or green algae which lives inside it. The fungus gets food from the algae or bacteria and they get a safe home from the fungus. This is an example of symbiosis. Lichens might have been the first things to live on land. Today they invade new islands made by volcanoes before any other form of life. Moss and LiverwortsEarly in their history, plants could only grow in water. There were many benefits waiting for any plant which could grow up out of the water. It could get more sunlight, and so more energy, than its algal cousins who were trapped in the sea. A plant which could leave the water and live on land would escape from animals which ate it and find more room to grow. But there was a price to be paid for these benefits. The plant had to evolve ways to make itself stiff enough to stick out of the water. It had to stop itself drying out and somehow it still had to get the water and minerals which it needed to grow. It also had to take the food it made from sunlight down to the rest of the plant. About 470 mya the first plants to evolve these features began to grow out of the water. Moss (left courtesy of Lairich Rig) and liverwort (right courtesy of Holger Casselmann) The mosses and liverworts of today are similar to these early plants. They, like their ancient cousins, still need water in order to reproduce, since the sperm has to swim to the egg. Bony fishThe bony fish evolved from the jawless fish about 450 mya. Bony fish evolved jaws about 50 million years later, developed heavy brain casing about 10 million years after this, and split into two main groups of fish: the lobe finned and the ray finned. At about the same time the shark group first appeared. Invertebrates onto LandAnimals need plants for food, since only plants can capture the Sun's energy. Once the ferns had moved onto the land, it wasn't long before animals followed them. The first were the arthropods. Cockroaches, dragonflies and scorpions began to live on land around 450 mya. They had to solve the same sort of problems as the plants did when they left the water. They already had stiff skins and by evolving a waxy coat they could stop themselves drying out. A bigger problem was how to get rid of their waste products without having lots of water around them to wash the waste away. They managed to solve this too. Female dragonfly laying eggs. Image courtesy of Andreas Trepte But most difficult of all was how to reproduce without water. This was so difficult that the first arthropods on land, like the ferns before them, were still tied to the water for reproduction. Dragonflies need water to reproduce even today.
History of the Universe eBook. 398 pages, 300 illustrations only £5.99 |
eBook only £5.99 398 pages, 300 images "I find the science fabulous...an extremely useful teaching tool." Professor David Christian. Follow @WykenSeagrave |